Adjective or Adverb?

1. Adjectives modify nouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

You can recognize adverbs easily because many of them are formed by adding -ly to an adjective.

Here are some sentences that demonstrate some of the differences between an adjective and an adverb by showing what is being modified in each sentence. In each sentence, light blue arrows point to adjectives and green arrows point to adverbs.

	Here careless is an adjective that modifies the proper noun Richard.
	Here carelessly is an adverb that modifies the verb talks.

	Here happy is an adjective that modifies the proper noun Priya and extremely is an adverb that modifies the adjective happy.
	Here quickly is an adverb that modifies the verb finished and unusually is an adverb that modifies the adverb quickly.

Adverbs can’t modify nouns, as you can see from the following incorrect sentences.

He is a quietly man.	The correct sentence should say He is a quiet man.
I have a happily dog.	The correct sentence should say I have a happy dog.

On the other hand, it’s sometimes easy to make the mistake of using an adjective to modify a verb, as the incorrect sentences below show.

He talks careless about your wife.	The correct sentence should say He talks carelessly about your wife.
He is breathing normal again.	The correct sentence should say He is breathing normally again.

2. An adjective always follows a form of the verb to be when it modifies the noun before the verb.

Here are some examples that show this rule. Light blue arrows point from the adjective to the noun that it modifies.

3. Likewise, an adjective always follows a sense verb or a verb of appearance — feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, and seem – when it modifies the noun before the verb.

Here are some examples that show this rule. Light blue arrows point from the adjective to the noun it modifies.

	Here bad is an adjective that modifies the noun cough. Using the adverb badly here would not make sense, because it would mean her cough isn’t very good at sounding.
	Here awful is an adjective that modifies the noun oil. Using the adverb awfully here would not make sense, because it would mean that castor oil isn’t very good at tasting.
	Here fresh is an adjective that modifies the noun air. Using the adverb freshly here would not make sense, because it would mean that the air has a sense of smell that it uses in a fresh manner.
	Here unhappy is an adjective that modifies the pronoun she. Using the adverb unhappily here would not make sense, because it would mean that she isn’t very good at seeming.

Here dark is an adjective that modifies the noun images. Using the adverb darkly here would not make sense, because it would mean that the images were suddenly popping into view in a dark manner.

Be careful to notice whether the word modifies the subject or the verb in the sentence. If the word modifies the subject, you should use an adjective. If the word modifies the verb, you should use an adverb. The difference is shown in the following pair of sentences.

	Here sweet is an adjective that modifies the noun apple. Using the adverb sweetly here would not make sense, because it would mean that the apple can smell things in a sweet manner.
	Here carefully is an adverb that modifies the verb smells. Using the adjective careful here would not make sense, because it would mean that the dog gives off an odor of carefulness.

Avoiding Common Errors

Bad or Badly?

When you want to describe how you feel, you should use an adjective (Why? Feel is a sense verb;see rule #3 above). So you’d say, “I feel bad.” Saying you feel badly would be like saying you play football badly. It would mean that you are unable to feel, as though your hands were partially numb.

Good or Well?

Good is an adjective, so you do not do good or live good, but you do well and live well. Remember, though, that an adjective follows sense-verbs and be-verbs, so you also feel good, look good, smell good, are good, have been good, etc. (Refer to rule #3 above for more information about sense verbs and verbs of appearance.)

Confusion can occur because well can function either as an adverb or an adjective. When well is used as an adjective, it means “not sick” or “in good health.” For this specific sense of well, it’s OK to say you feel well or are well – for example, after recovering from an illness. When not used in this health-related sense, however, well functions as an adverb; for example, “I did well on my exam.”

Double-negatives

Scarcely and hardly are already negative adverbs. To add another negative term is redundant, because in English only one negative is ever used at a time

They found scarcely any animals on the island. (not scarcely no…)
Hardly anyone came to the party. (not hardly no one…)

Sure or Surely?

Sure is an adjective, and surely is an adverb. Sure is also used in the idiomatic expression sure to be. Surely can be used as a sentence-adverb. Here are some examples that show different uses of sure and surely. Light blue arrows indicate adjectives and green arrows indicate adverbs.

	Here sure is an adjective that modifies the pronoun I.
	Here surely is an adverb that modifies the adjective ready.
	Here sure to be is an idiomatic phrase that functions as an adjective that modifies the pronoun she.

Here surely is an adverb that modifies the verb has been.

Real or Really?

Real is an adjective, and really is an adverb. Here are some examples that demonstrate the difference between real and really. Light blue arrows indicate adjectives and green arrows indicate adverbs.

	Here really is an adverb that modifies the adverb well.
	Here really is an adverb that modifies the verb phrase going out.

Here real is an adjective that modifies the noun problems.

Near or Nearly?

Near can function as a verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition. Nearly is used as an adverb to mean “in a close manner” or “almost but not quite.” Here are some examples that demonstrate the differences between various uses of near and nearly. Light blue arrows indicate adjectives and green arrows indicate adverbs. Subjects and verbs are marked in purple.

	Here neared is a verb in the past tense.
	Here nearly is an adverb that modifies the verb finished.
	Here near is an adjective that modifies the noun future.
	Here near is an adverb of place that modifies the verb crept.

Here nearly is an adverb that modifies the verb related.

Here near is a preposition. The prepositional phase near the end of the movie modifies the noun scene.

Brought to you by the Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
Graphics for this handout were designed by Michelle Hansard.

2006/12/29 | Categories: Study englsih | 2 Comments »

A or An?

“A” goes before all words that begin with consonants.

• a cat
• a dog
• a purple onion
• a buffalo
• a big apple

with one exception: Use an before unsounded h.

• an honorable peace
• an honest error

“An” goes before all words that begin with vowels:

• an apricot
• an egg
• an Indian
• an orbit
• an uprising

with two exceptions: When u makes the same sound as the y in you, or o makes the same sound as w in won, then a is used.

• a union
• a united front
• a unicorn
• a used napkin
• a U.S. ship
• a one-legged man

Note: The choice of article is actually based upon the phonetic (sound) quality of the first letter in a word, not on the orthographic (written) representation of the letter. If the first letter makes a vowel-type sound, you use “an”; if the first letter would makes a consonant-type sound, you use “a.” So, if you consider the rule from a phonetic perspective, there aren’t any exceptions. Since the ‘h’ hasn’t any phonetic representation, no audible sound, in the first exception, the sound that follows the article is a vowel; consequently, ‘an’ is used. In the second exception, the word-initial ‘y’ sound (unicorn) is actually a glide [j] phonetically, which has consonantal properties; consequently, it is treated as a consonant, requiring ‘a’.

Brought to you by the Purdue University Online Writing Lab

2006/12/28 | Categories: Study englsih | Leave A Comment »

camouflage

camouflage[kmfl]

━noun
1. any device or means of disguising or concealing a person or animal, or of deceiving an adversary, especially by adopting the colour, texture, etc, of natural surroundings or backgrounds.
2. the use of such methods to conceal or disguise the presence of military troops (including soldiers’ uniforms), equipment, vehicles or buildings, by imitating the colours of nature.
3. objects such as tree branches, undergrowth, etc, used to disguise military equipment, etc.
4. the colour pattern or other physical features that enable an animal to blend with its natural environment and so avoid detection by predators.
━verb to disguise or conceal with some kind of camouflage(camouflaged, camouflaging)

2006/12/28 | Categories: Study englsih | 1 Comment »